It's hard to imagine an American weapons program so fraught with problems that Dick Cheney would try repeatedly to cancel it — hard, that is, until you get to know the Osprey. As Defense Secretary under George H.W. Bush, Cheney tried four times to kill the Marine Corps's ungainly tilt-rotor aircraft. Four times he failed. Cheney found the arguments for the combat troop carrier unpersuasive and its problems irredeemable. "Given the risk we face from a military standpoint, given the areas where we think the priorities ought to be, the V-22 is not at the top of the list," he told a Senate committee in 1989. "It came out at the bottom of the list, and for that reason, I decided to terminate it." But the Osprey proved impossible to kill, thanks to lawmakers who rescued it from Cheney's ax time and again because of the home-district money that came with it — and to the irresistible notion that American engineers had found a way to improve on another great aviation breakthrough, the helicopter.
GRAPHIC
Flight Risk for the V-22 Osprey
After decades of trouble-plagued development, the V-22 Osprey is headed for Iraq. A look at the design of the V-22 Osprey
Now the aircraft that flies like an airplane but takes off and lands like a chopper is about to make its combat debut in Iraq. It has been a long, strange trip: the V-22 has been 25 years in development, more than twice as long as the Apollo program that put men on the moon. V-22 crashes have claimed the lives of 30 men — 10 times the lunar program's toll — all before the plane has seen combat. The Pentagon has put $20 billion into the Osprey and expects to spend an additional $35 billion before the program is finished. In exchange, the Marines, Navy and Air Force will get 458 aircraft, averaging $119 million per copy.
The saga of the V-22 — the battles over its future on Capitol Hill, a performance record that is spotty at best, a long, determined quest by the Marines to get what they wanted — demonstrates how Washington works (or, rather, doesn't). It exposes the compromises that are made when narrow interests collide with common sense. It is a tale that shows how the system fails at its most significant task, by placing in jeopardy those we count on to protect us. For even at a stratospheric price, the V-22 is going into combat shorthanded. As a result of decisions the Marine Corps made over the past decade, the aircraft lacks a heavy-duty, forward-mounted machine gun to lay down suppressing fire against forces that will surely try to shoot it down. And if the plane's two engines are disabled by enemy fire or mechanical trouble while it's hovering, the V-22 lacks a helicopter's ability to coast roughly to the ground — something that often saved lives in Vietnam. In 2002 the Marines abandoned the requirement that the planes be capable of autorotating (as the maneuver is called), with unpowered but spinning helicopter blades slowly letting the aircraft land safely. That decision, a top Pentagon aviation consultant wrote in a confidential 2003 report obtained by TIME, is "unconscionable" for a wartime aircraft. "When everything goes wrong, as it often does in a combat environment," he said, "autorotation is all a helicopter pilot has to save his and his passengers' lives."
Jumat, 05 Oktober 2007
Selasa, 02 Oktober 2007
OCEAN QUEEN (PELABUHAN RATU)
Ocean Queen
Adventure Resort Hotel
South West Java, Indonesia
Trek, hike, walk, ride, surf, board, cave white-water raft, swim, scuba-dive, fish, explore, sight-see, bird, animal and turtle watch, and
...... relax.
The Ocean Queen Resort lies on the ruggedly beautiful and sparsely populated South coast of West Java, only 4 hours drive from Jakarta's International airport. Transfer to and from the resort is arranged by us.
The setting is idyllic, on a long private beach bounded by cliffs and the Indian Ocean, set in paddy fields and coconut trees. The lush foothills of the volcano Gunung Halimun, the largest National Park in West Java, form the backdrop to the North. The sunsets are spectacular.
Eighteen comfortable and modern Javanese style bungalows, self catering and fully serviced, a bar, restaurant, pool plus kid's pool are set in 1.5 hectares of tropical gardens.
You can fill every day with activities. Explore the pristine coast by boat or motorbike. Surf, swim, scuba-dive and fish in the blue water of the Indian Ocean. Trek, hike and bird and animal watch in the primary forest of Mount Halimun. White-water raft the rivers cascading down from the mountain. Cave in spectacular and rarely entered remote sites. Walk in the tea plantation of Bojong Asih and along West Java's pristine south coast. Watch the marine turtles lay their eggs at Ujung Genteng. Visit the hot springs, bat cave, local markets and towns.
Or relax by the pool, have a massage on your own cabana, sunbathe on the beach, admire the sunset, BBQ a seafood dinner.
Adventure Resort Hotel
South West Java, Indonesia
Trek, hike, walk, ride, surf, board, cave white-water raft, swim, scuba-dive, fish, explore, sight-see, bird, animal and turtle watch, and
...... relax.
The Ocean Queen Resort lies on the ruggedly beautiful and sparsely populated South coast of West Java, only 4 hours drive from Jakarta's International airport. Transfer to and from the resort is arranged by us.
The setting is idyllic, on a long private beach bounded by cliffs and the Indian Ocean, set in paddy fields and coconut trees. The lush foothills of the volcano Gunung Halimun, the largest National Park in West Java, form the backdrop to the North. The sunsets are spectacular.
Eighteen comfortable and modern Javanese style bungalows, self catering and fully serviced, a bar, restaurant, pool plus kid's pool are set in 1.5 hectares of tropical gardens.
You can fill every day with activities. Explore the pristine coast by boat or motorbike. Surf, swim, scuba-dive and fish in the blue water of the Indian Ocean. Trek, hike and bird and animal watch in the primary forest of Mount Halimun. White-water raft the rivers cascading down from the mountain. Cave in spectacular and rarely entered remote sites. Walk in the tea plantation of Bojong Asih and along West Java's pristine south coast. Watch the marine turtles lay their eggs at Ujung Genteng. Visit the hot springs, bat cave, local markets and towns.
Or relax by the pool, have a massage on your own cabana, sunbathe on the beach, admire the sunset, BBQ a seafood dinner.
JAVA ISLAND
Java
Native name: Jawa
Topography of Java
Geography
Location Southeast Asia
Coordinates 7°30′10″S, 111°15′47″E
Archipelago Greater Sunda Islands
Area 126,700 km² (48,919.1 sq mi)
Highest point Semeru 3,676 meters (12,060.4 ft)
Administration
Indonesia
Provinces Banten,
Jakarta Special Capital City District,
West Java,
Central Java,
East Java,
Yogyakarta Special Region
Largest city Jakarta
Demographics
Population 124 million (as of 2005)
Density 979/km²
Indigenous people Sundanese, Javanese, Tenggerese, Badui, Osing
Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. Once the centre of powerful Hindu kingdoms and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies, Java now plays a dominant role in the economic and political life of Indonesia. With a population of 124 million, it is the most populous island in the world; it is also one of the most densely populated regions on Earth.
Formed mostly as the result of volcanic events, Java is the 13th largest island in the world[citation needed] and the fifth largest island of Indonesia. A chain of volcanic mountains form an east-west spine along the island. It has three main languages, and most residents are bilingual, with Indonesian as their second language. While the majority of Javanese are Muslim (or at least nominally Muslim), Java has a diverse mixture of religious beliefs and cultures.
Etymology
The origins of the name 'Java' is not clear. One possibility is early travellers from India named the island after the jáwa-wut plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names.[1] There are other possible sources: the word jaú and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".[2] And, in Sanskrit yava means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.[3]
Outsiders often referred to Java and the neighboring islands by the same name, or use names inconsistently for different islands. For example, Marco Polo refers to neighbouring Sumatra as "little Java"[4] and Ptolemy refers to Sumatra as Jaba-diu.[5]
History
For more details on this topic, see History of Indonesia.
Java is known for several important finds of early hominid specimens. [6] In particular, the 1891 discovery of cranial fossil remains commonly known as "Java man" (now designated as Trinil 2, after the Trinil site on the Bengawan Solo River) is notable as the first early hominid specimen found outside Europe. In the following course of human history, several kingdoms existed on Java. The first kingdoms ruled there were Indianized kingdoms, influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism. Sailendra (8–9th century), Mataram (752–1045), Kediri (1045–1221), Singhasari (1222–1292) and Majapahit (1293–1500) were among them, where evidences of their existence can be found throughout Java. Among many other temples in Java, Borobudur (a Buddhist temple) and Prambanan (a Hindu temple) are the most famous relic of old Javanese kingdom, both of which are listed in the UNESCO world heritage site.
Islam spread into the Indonesian archipelago in the thirteenth century, including Java, where Wali Songo (the "nine ambassadors") were the most prominent Muslim's evangelist at that time. The spread of Islam (1200–1600) was first taken place at coastal cities before they grew into muslim states, such as Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518) and Mataram Sultanate (1500s–1700s). In 1602, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived in the archipelago and subsequently occupied and maintained control of trade and power for more than 300 years. VOC established Batavia (the present-day of Jakarta) on the northern coast of Java as its trading center and administrative headquarters. Coastal cities, such as Semarang and Surabaya, developed themselves into major trading harbors and the Dutch also developed Bandung in the inner mountainous region of west Java as their plan to move the capital from Batavia.
Java was once governed by the British East India Company (1811–1816) under the appointed Lieutenant Governor General Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, when Holland was occupied by France during the Napoleonic wars. During Raffles administration, he introduced partial self-government, land-tenure system, and abolished the slave trade. Besides that, Raffles had firm interests on Javanese culture, of which he restored several temples, including Borobudur. Raffles also wrote the famous book of "The History of Java", the first book that describes Java's civilization and culture to the outside world.
After the Indonesian independence in 1945, Jakarta remains as the capital and Java has grown itself into the most crowded area in Indonesia. While parts of rural Java are still underdeveloped, the urban areas of the island are Indonesia's wealthiest and most developed ones.
Geography
Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East JavaJava, which includes Sumatra to the northwest and Bali to the east. Borneo lies to the north and Christmas Island to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island.
Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains no fewer than thirty-eight mountains forming an east-west spine which have at one time or another been active volcanoes. The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru (3,676 m). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is Mount Merapi (2,914 m). See Volcanoes of Java. Further mountains and highlands help to split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for wet-rice cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world.[7]
The island's longest river is the 600 km long Bengawan Solo River.[8] The river rises from its source in central Java at the Tawu volcano, flows north then eastwards to its mouth in the Java Sea, near the city of Surabaya.
The island is administratively divided into four provinces (Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java), one special region (Yogyakarta), and one special capital district (Jakarta).
Popular tourist destinations include the city of Yogyakarta, the huge Buddhist stupa complex of Borobudur, the Hindu temples at Prambanan, and Mount Bromo in East Java.
Demographics
Central JakartaJava is by far the most populous island in Indonesia, with approximately 62% of the country's population,[9] and is the most populous island in the world. With 130 million inhabitants at 1026 people per km², it is also one of the most densely-populated parts of the world. If it were a country, it would be the second-most densely-populated country of the world after Bangladesh, if very small city-states are excluded.[10] Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese.[11]
Since the 1970s, the Indonesian government has run transmigration programs aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less-populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results, and sometimes caused conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived settlers.
Culture
See also: Culture of Indonesia
Generally speaking, the three major cultures of Java are the Sundanese culture of West Java, the Central Javanese culture, and the Eastern Javanese culture. In the southwestern part of Central Java, usually named the Banyumasan region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the Banyumasan culture.
In the central Javanese court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include gamelan music and wayang puppet shows.
Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region, and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include Ken Arok and Ken Dedes, the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of Ramayana and Mahabarata. Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends.
Languages
Languages spoken in Java (Javanese is shown in white)The three major languages spoken on Java are Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese. Other languages spoken include Betawi (a Malay dialect local to the Jakarta region), Osing and Tenggerese (closely related to Javanese), Badui (closely related to Sundanese), Kangeanese (closely related to Madurese), and Balinese.[12] The vast majority of the population also speaks Indonesian, generally as a second language.
Religion
More than 90 percent of Javanese are Muslims, on a broad continuum between abangan (more nominal or syncretic) and santri (more orthodox). Small Hindu enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast nearest Bali, especially around the town of Banyuwangi. There are also Christian communities, mostly in the larger cities, though some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly Roman Catholic. Buddhist communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the Chinese Indonesian. The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions. (See Religion in Indonesia.)
Java has been a melting pot of religions and cultures, which has created a broad range of religious belief. Indian influences came first with Shivaism and Buddhism penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture.[13] One conduit for this were the ascetics, called resi, who taught mystical practices. A resi lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities was merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and pudjangga (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs.[13]
Islam, which came after Hinduism, strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. The Muslim scholar of the writ (kyai) became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal priesthood, but the Dutch colonial government established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese Islamic schools (pesantren), kyai prepertuated the tradition of resi. Students around him provided his needs, even peasants around the school.[13]
Pre-Islamic Javanese traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around kyais, possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic lore, dogma and practice.[13] The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the supernatural. However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted schism. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught mysticism and those who sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts. As a result, there is a division between santri, who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with abangan, who has mixed pre-Islamic animistic and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic dogma.[13]
A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in Yogyakarta reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in Central Java, 22 in West Java and 6 in East Java.[13] These include Kejawen, Sumarah, Subud, etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.[14]
Native name: Jawa
Topography of Java
Geography
Location Southeast Asia
Coordinates 7°30′10″S, 111°15′47″E
Archipelago Greater Sunda Islands
Area 126,700 km² (48,919.1 sq mi)
Highest point Semeru 3,676 meters (12,060.4 ft)
Administration
Indonesia
Provinces Banten,
Jakarta Special Capital City District,
West Java,
Central Java,
East Java,
Yogyakarta Special Region
Largest city Jakarta
Demographics
Population 124 million (as of 2005)
Density 979/km²
Indigenous people Sundanese, Javanese, Tenggerese, Badui, Osing
Java (Indonesian, Javanese, and Sundanese: Jawa) is an island of Indonesia and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. Once the centre of powerful Hindu kingdoms and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies, Java now plays a dominant role in the economic and political life of Indonesia. With a population of 124 million, it is the most populous island in the world; it is also one of the most densely populated regions on Earth.
Formed mostly as the result of volcanic events, Java is the 13th largest island in the world[citation needed] and the fifth largest island of Indonesia. A chain of volcanic mountains form an east-west spine along the island. It has three main languages, and most residents are bilingual, with Indonesian as their second language. While the majority of Javanese are Muslim (or at least nominally Muslim), Java has a diverse mixture of religious beliefs and cultures.
Etymology
The origins of the name 'Java' is not clear. One possibility is early travellers from India named the island after the jáwa-wut plant, which was said to be common in the island during the time, and that prior to Indianization the island had different names.[1] There are other possible sources: the word jaú and its variations mean "beyond" or "distant".[2] And, in Sanskrit yava means barley, a plant for which the island was famous.[3]
Outsiders often referred to Java and the neighboring islands by the same name, or use names inconsistently for different islands. For example, Marco Polo refers to neighbouring Sumatra as "little Java"[4] and Ptolemy refers to Sumatra as Jaba-diu.[5]
History
For more details on this topic, see History of Indonesia.
Java is known for several important finds of early hominid specimens. [6] In particular, the 1891 discovery of cranial fossil remains commonly known as "Java man" (now designated as Trinil 2, after the Trinil site on the Bengawan Solo River) is notable as the first early hominid specimen found outside Europe. In the following course of human history, several kingdoms existed on Java. The first kingdoms ruled there were Indianized kingdoms, influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism. Sailendra (8–9th century), Mataram (752–1045), Kediri (1045–1221), Singhasari (1222–1292) and Majapahit (1293–1500) were among them, where evidences of their existence can be found throughout Java. Among many other temples in Java, Borobudur (a Buddhist temple) and Prambanan (a Hindu temple) are the most famous relic of old Javanese kingdom, both of which are listed in the UNESCO world heritage site.
Islam spread into the Indonesian archipelago in the thirteenth century, including Java, where Wali Songo (the "nine ambassadors") were the most prominent Muslim's evangelist at that time. The spread of Islam (1200–1600) was first taken place at coastal cities before they grew into muslim states, such as Sultanate of Demak (1475–1518) and Mataram Sultanate (1500s–1700s). In 1602, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) arrived in the archipelago and subsequently occupied and maintained control of trade and power for more than 300 years. VOC established Batavia (the present-day of Jakarta) on the northern coast of Java as its trading center and administrative headquarters. Coastal cities, such as Semarang and Surabaya, developed themselves into major trading harbors and the Dutch also developed Bandung in the inner mountainous region of west Java as their plan to move the capital from Batavia.
Java was once governed by the British East India Company (1811–1816) under the appointed Lieutenant Governor General Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, when Holland was occupied by France during the Napoleonic wars. During Raffles administration, he introduced partial self-government, land-tenure system, and abolished the slave trade. Besides that, Raffles had firm interests on Javanese culture, of which he restored several temples, including Borobudur. Raffles also wrote the famous book of "The History of Java", the first book that describes Java's civilization and culture to the outside world.
After the Indonesian independence in 1945, Jakarta remains as the capital and Java has grown itself into the most crowded area in Indonesia. While parts of rural Java are still underdeveloped, the urban areas of the island are Indonesia's wealthiest and most developed ones.
Geography
Mount Semeru and Mount Bromo in East JavaJava, which includes Sumatra to the northwest and Bali to the east. Borneo lies to the north and Christmas Island to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island.
Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains no fewer than thirty-eight mountains forming an east-west spine which have at one time or another been active volcanoes. The highest volcano in Java is Mount Semeru (3,676 m). The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is Mount Merapi (2,914 m). See Volcanoes of Java. Further mountains and highlands help to split the interior into a series of relatively isolated regions suitable for wet-rice cultivation; the rice lands of Java are among the richest in the world.[7]
The island's longest river is the 600 km long Bengawan Solo River.[8] The river rises from its source in central Java at the Tawu volcano, flows north then eastwards to its mouth in the Java Sea, near the city of Surabaya.
The island is administratively divided into four provinces (Banten, West Java, Central Java, and East Java), one special region (Yogyakarta), and one special capital district (Jakarta).
Popular tourist destinations include the city of Yogyakarta, the huge Buddhist stupa complex of Borobudur, the Hindu temples at Prambanan, and Mount Bromo in East Java.
Demographics
Central JakartaJava is by far the most populous island in Indonesia, with approximately 62% of the country's population,[9] and is the most populous island in the world. With 130 million inhabitants at 1026 people per km², it is also one of the most densely-populated parts of the world. If it were a country, it would be the second-most densely-populated country of the world after Bangladesh, if very small city-states are excluded.[10] Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese.[11]
Since the 1970s, the Indonesian government has run transmigration programs aimed at resettling the population of Java on other less-populated islands of Indonesia. This program has met with mixed results, and sometimes caused conflicts between the locals and the recently arrived settlers.
Culture
See also: Culture of Indonesia
Generally speaking, the three major cultures of Java are the Sundanese culture of West Java, the Central Javanese culture, and the Eastern Javanese culture. In the southwestern part of Central Java, usually named the Banyumasan region, a cultural mingling occurred; bringing together Javanese culture and Sundanese culture to create the Banyumasan culture.
In the central Javanese court cities of Yogyakarta and Surakarta, contemporary kings trace their lineages back to the pre-colonial Islamic kingdoms that ruled the region, making those places especially strong repositories of classical Javanese culture. Classic arts of Java include gamelan music and wayang puppet shows.
Java was the site of many influential kingdoms in the Southeast Asian region, and as a result, many literary works have been written by Javanese authors. These include Ken Arok and Ken Dedes, the story of the orphan who usurped his king, and married the queen of the ancient Javanese kingdom; and translations of Ramayana and Mahabarata. Pramoedya Ananta Toer is a famous contemporary Indonesian author, who has written many stories based on his own experiences of having grown up in Java, and takes many elements from Javanese folklore and historical legends.
Languages
Languages spoken in Java (Javanese is shown in white)The three major languages spoken on Java are Javanese, Sundanese and Madurese. Other languages spoken include Betawi (a Malay dialect local to the Jakarta region), Osing and Tenggerese (closely related to Javanese), Badui (closely related to Sundanese), Kangeanese (closely related to Madurese), and Balinese.[12] The vast majority of the population also speaks Indonesian, generally as a second language.
Religion
More than 90 percent of Javanese are Muslims, on a broad continuum between abangan (more nominal or syncretic) and santri (more orthodox). Small Hindu enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast nearest Bali, especially around the town of Banyuwangi. There are also Christian communities, mostly in the larger cities, though some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly Roman Catholic. Buddhist communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the Chinese Indonesian. The Indonesian constitution recognises six official religions. (See Religion in Indonesia.)
Java has been a melting pot of religions and cultures, which has created a broad range of religious belief. Indian influences came first with Shivaism and Buddhism penetrating deeply into society, blending with indigenous tradition and culture.[13] One conduit for this were the ascetics, called resi, who taught mystical practices. A resi lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities was merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and pudjangga (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs.[13]
Islam, which came after Hinduism, strengthened the status structure of this traditional religious pattern. The Muslim scholar of the writ (kyai) became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal priesthood, but the Dutch colonial government established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese Islamic schools (pesantren), kyai prepertuated the tradition of resi. Students around him provided his needs, even peasants around the school.[13]
Pre-Islamic Javanese traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction. There emerged in Java a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around kyais, possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic lore, dogma and practice.[13] The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the supernatural. However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted schism. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught mysticism and those who sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts. As a result, there is a division between santri, who believe that they are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice, with abangan, who has mixed pre-Islamic animistic and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic dogma.[13]
A wider effect of this division is the number of sects. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in Yogyakarta reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 35 were in Central Java, 22 in West Java and 6 in East Java.[13] These include Kejawen, Sumarah, Subud, etc. Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.[14]
DINDA RATU KIDUL
DINDA RATU KIDUL memang tinggal di dasar laut selatan.tapi tentu dari alam halus bukan dasar lautan alam nyata.di laut selatan terdapat istana swerga yaitu istana yang dahulu sebelum manusia ada,diT4 itu(laut selatan) terdapat sebuah gunung berapi. merupakan gunung berapi terbesar saat itu.Saat itu yang menjaga bumi adalah bangsa halus(INGAT PENJAGA) terciptalah sebuah istana bernama SWERGA ….(bukan surga)… yang dipimpin oleh ratu cantik dari alam halus bernama dewi SRI NARAYA JINGGHA dan terkenal dengan RATU JINGGHA.dia diutus SANG MAHA MENDENGAR untuk menjaga bumi.ttinggalah dia dan bangsa jin di selatan,hingga manusia 1 ADAM , melakukan kesalahan,dan mendapat hukuman. untuk memperbaiki kesalahannya itu, dengan menjadi khalifah bumi (khalifah adalah penjaga,pelindung dan perawat…bukan perusak maupun penguasa..)turunnya NABI ADAM DAN HAWA ditandai dengan meledaknya gunung api tersebut sebagai penanda akan setujunya kerjasama bangsa jin dan bangsa manusia
terus manusia dan bangsa JIN kerja sama untuk jagain bumi dan yang punya tanggungan untuk melindungi dan merawat bumi adalah manusia(disini penjaga dan pelindung beda. penjaga adalah menjaga dari pengaruh buruk energi dari luar bumi. dalam hal energi atau halus…jin khan energi klo pelindung adalah melindungi secara nyata karna manusia nyata)mereka terus kerja sama secara sadar mautpun tak sadar telah menjaga bumi bersama2. hingga akhirnya sang RATU JINGGHA tergerak hatinya untuk turun tahta dan mengangkat ratu penggantinya..karna tak mau ada saling iri sesama jin , sang RATU mengangkat penggantinya dari bangsa manusia dengan harapan bangsa jin bisa lebih tertata dan mengerti manusia dan tidak ada perang rebutan kekuasaan,dan manusia yang beruntung itu adalah putri cantik dan baik yang terusir bernama DEWI KADHITA. dewi KADHITA juga mengangkat beberapa bawahan dari bangsa dewi yaitu NAWANG WULAN dan manusia yang ingin hidup abadi RETNO SUWIDI.tapi ada yang tersinggung menganggap RATU tak adil.dia adalah nyai loro kidul atau lebih dikenal dengan nyi roro kidul. Sang RATU murka dan mengusir nyi loro kidul keluar istana swerga. akhirnya dia membangun istana menyerupai istana swerga di pantai selatan ,(yang saat itu merupakan kaki gunung api )tersebut dan sekarang terkenal dengan pantai selatan di parang tritis.atau RATU PANTAI SELATAN.istananya dikenal sebagai istana kedhang.
sayang manusia terlalu menyamakan dinda ratu dan nyi roro. padahal mereka berbeda.dinda ratu baik hati dan tidak suka mengganggu tapi nyi roro penuh dengki dan iri,dia penyebab manusia syirik dan takabur karna kesaktian(khususnya bagi paranormal) dan kekayaan/ pesugihan(orang biasa).
dinda ratu dan nyi roro dalam islam beda. dinda ratu tudak akan mengganggu jika manusia tidak mengusiknya dia hanya membantu manusia jika diminta dan tanpa tumbal apapun. klo nyi roro, butuh tumbal,dia bisa diminta tolong sapapun asal dengan syarat dan tumbal dia penuh iri dan sangat suka menyamar sebagai dinda ratu untuk mencapai tujuannya.
terus manusia dan bangsa JIN kerja sama untuk jagain bumi dan yang punya tanggungan untuk melindungi dan merawat bumi adalah manusia(disini penjaga dan pelindung beda. penjaga adalah menjaga dari pengaruh buruk energi dari luar bumi. dalam hal energi atau halus…jin khan energi klo pelindung adalah melindungi secara nyata karna manusia nyata)mereka terus kerja sama secara sadar mautpun tak sadar telah menjaga bumi bersama2. hingga akhirnya sang RATU JINGGHA tergerak hatinya untuk turun tahta dan mengangkat ratu penggantinya..karna tak mau ada saling iri sesama jin , sang RATU mengangkat penggantinya dari bangsa manusia dengan harapan bangsa jin bisa lebih tertata dan mengerti manusia dan tidak ada perang rebutan kekuasaan,dan manusia yang beruntung itu adalah putri cantik dan baik yang terusir bernama DEWI KADHITA. dewi KADHITA juga mengangkat beberapa bawahan dari bangsa dewi yaitu NAWANG WULAN dan manusia yang ingin hidup abadi RETNO SUWIDI.tapi ada yang tersinggung menganggap RATU tak adil.dia adalah nyai loro kidul atau lebih dikenal dengan nyi roro kidul. Sang RATU murka dan mengusir nyi loro kidul keluar istana swerga. akhirnya dia membangun istana menyerupai istana swerga di pantai selatan ,(yang saat itu merupakan kaki gunung api )tersebut dan sekarang terkenal dengan pantai selatan di parang tritis.atau RATU PANTAI SELATAN.istananya dikenal sebagai istana kedhang.
sayang manusia terlalu menyamakan dinda ratu dan nyi roro. padahal mereka berbeda.dinda ratu baik hati dan tidak suka mengganggu tapi nyi roro penuh dengki dan iri,dia penyebab manusia syirik dan takabur karna kesaktian(khususnya bagi paranormal) dan kekayaan/ pesugihan(orang biasa).
dinda ratu dan nyi roro dalam islam beda. dinda ratu tudak akan mengganggu jika manusia tidak mengusiknya dia hanya membantu manusia jika diminta dan tanpa tumbal apapun. klo nyi roro, butuh tumbal,dia bisa diminta tolong sapapun asal dengan syarat dan tumbal dia penuh iri dan sangat suka menyamar sebagai dinda ratu untuk mencapai tujuannya.
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